A benchmark set of natural diamonds with known color grades (as well as standardized and meticulously controlled lighting conditions), are utilized by the GIA system. In jewelry settings (certain inclusions can potentially be concealed behind mounting hardware like prongs), thus making the flaw undetectable. The clarity of a diamond can be influenced by the number, size, color, relative position, orientation, and visibility of inclusions. Despite India being the sole significant source of diamonds for a long time, the discovery of diamonds in Brazil in 1725 led to their eventual distribution globally. Due to the high trade volume of diamonds, various organizations have been established to grade and certify them based on the “four Cs”: color, cut, clarity, and carat. Typically (industrial diamonds are gray or brown and can be either translucent or opaque), although higher-quality industrial stones may transition into low-quality gems.
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Diamonds do not reveal their full beauty as rough stones; they require cutting and polishing to showcase the characteristic fire and brilliance associated with diamond gemstones. Essentially, most diamonds regarded as gemstones are transparent with minimal tint, commonly referred to as white diamonds.
Inclusions are formed at depths ranging from 400 to 800 km — spanning the upper and lower mantle, and indicate the presence of water-rich fluid at those depths. Eclogite (a metamorphic rock typically produced from basalt as an oceanic plate descends into the mantle at a subduction zone), is another common source that preserves diamonds.
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Provided all factors are equal, an increase in carat weight leads to a rise in price per carat, since larger diamonds are both rarer and more sought after as gemstones. The most common use of diamonds today is as adornments in jewelry, a practice that has roots stretching back to ancient times. Although it is often thought that the value of diamonds stems from their rarity, gem-quality diamonds are relatively abundant when compared to rare gemstones like alexandrite, with global annual rough diamond production estimated at around 130 million carats , 26 tonnes; 29 short tons,.
Colorless or pale blue stones are most valued — but these are rare; most gem diamonds are tinged with yellow. Most diamonds used as gems are transparent and colorless or nearly so. The hardness, brilliance, and sparkle of diamonds make them unsurpassed as gems. Found in lava (meteorites), and deep in the earth’s mantle, yellow-green peridot is the extreme gem. Clarity grades assess the number — size, relief, and position of inclusions and blemishes. Most diamonds formed more than a billion yearsago, deep in the earth’s mantle.

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The hardness of diamond and its high dispersion of light—giving the diamond its characteristic “fire”—make it useful for industrial applications and desirable as jewelry. Diamonds have high monetary value as one of the best-known and most sought-after gems — and they have been used as decorative items since ancient times. This close-knit, dense, strongly bonded crystal structure yields diamond properties that differ greatly from those of graphite, native carbon’s other form.
Round brilliant diamonds (the most common), are guided by these specific guidelines, though fancy cut stones are not able to be as accurately guided by mathematical specifics. A variety of impurities and structural imperfections cause different colors in diamonds (including yellow), pink, blue, red, green, brown, and other hues. Most inclusions present in gem-quality diamonds do not affect the diamonds’ performance or structural integrity. Of that top 20%, a significant portion contains one or more visible inclusions. Diamonds become increasingly rare when considering higher clarity gradings. Clarity is a measure of internal defects of a diamond called inclusions.